Reproductive biology aspects of Alopias pelagicus and A. superciliosus (Lamniformes: Alopiidae) in the Ecuadorian Pacific

ABSTRACT The reproductive biology of thresher shark species of the Ecuadorian Pacific was analysed based on 1236 specimens of Alopias pelagicus (711 females and 525 males) and 354 of A. superciliosus (164 females and 190 males) landed in Playita Mía, from January to December of 2019. The length of A. pelagicus females ranged between 67.2 and 184 cm PCL (precaudal length) and the males between 69.0 and 178.4 cm PCL, A. superciliosus registered a minimum and maximum size of 76.0 and 202.2 cm PCL for females and 94.0 and 204.8 cm PCL for males. The most frequently captured size class for A. pelagicus was 147.2157.2 cm PCL and for A. superciliosus was 156.0-166.0 cm PCL. The sex ratio (F:M) for A. pelagicus and A. superciliosus was 1.35F:1M and 0.86F:1M respectively. For A. pelagicus males the inflection point of the clasper length adjustment, was 134.2 cm PCL and size at first sexual maturity (L 50 ) was estimated at 136.0 cm PCL. For A. superciliosus males the inflection point of the clasper length adjustment, was 136.8 cm PCL, and the first sexual maturity (L 50 ) was estimated at 138.7 cm PCL.

RESUMO A biologia reprodutiva de espécies de tubarão debulhador do Pacífico Equador foi analisada com base em 1236 exemplares de Alopias pelagicus (711 fêmeas e 525 machos) e 354 de A. superciliosus (164 fêmeas e 190 machos) desembarcados em Playita Mía, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2019. O comprimento das fêmeas de A. pelagicus variou entre 67,2 e 184 cm PCL (comprimento pré-corte) e os machos entre 69,0 e 178,4 cm PCL, A. superciliosus registrou um tamanho mínimo e máximo de 76,0 e 202,2 cm PCL para as fêmeas e 94,0 e 204,8 cm PCL para machos. A classe de tamanho mais frequentemente capturada para A. pelagicus foi 147,2157,2 cm PCL e para A. superciliosus foi 156,0-166,0 cm PCL. A proporção sexual (F:M) para A. pelagicus e A. superciliosus foi de 1,35F:1M e 0,86F:1M, respectivamente. Para machos de A. pelagicus, o ponto de inflexão do ajuste do comprimento do grampo foi de 134,2 cm PCL e o tamanho na primeira maturidade sexual (L 50 ) foi estimado em 136,0 cm PCL. Para machos de A. superciliosus o ponto de inflexão do ajuste do comprimento do grampo foi de 136,8 cm PCL, e a primeira maturidade sexual (L 50 ) foi estimada em 138,7 cm PCL.

Determinacion de los factores de riesgo en sepsis por Enterococcus vancomicino resistente. Estudio de casos y controles en pacientes criticamente enfermos / Determination of risk factors in sepsis by Enterococcus vancomicyn resistant. Study of cases and control in criticall ill patients

Resumen Introducción: las infecciones causadas por Enterococcus resistente a Vancomicina (EVR) presentan mayor mortalidad en pacientes críticos, asociado a un aumento gradual en este patrón de resistencia, especialmente en el continente americano, por lo cual la adecuada terapia antimicrobiana empírica es fundamental para mejorar los desenlaces. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de infección por EVR en pacientes sépticos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Hospital San José en Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de casos y controles en pacientes sépticos ingresados a la UCI durante 2016 y 2017. Los casos se definieron como pacientes con infección por EVR y los controles los pacientes con infección por otro germen. Resultados: se incluyeron 32 pacientes con aislamiento de EVR y 96 controles. Los factores de riesgo asociados a infección por EVR fueron: nutrición parenteral (OR 15,7 IC 4,2-71,4), lavado peritoneal (OR 8,9 IC 3,2-24,8), cultivo polimicrobiano (OR 19,9 IC 6,0-83,4). La mortalidad fue 56,2% en casos y 33,3% en controles. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo hallados con mayor frecuencia fueron: múltiples lavados peritoneales, nutrición parenteral y cultivos polimicrobianos. Encontramos una correlación significativa en el uso de antibiótico empírico adecuado y la reducción en la mortalidad.

Summary Introduction: infections caused by Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) have higher mortality in critically ill patients, associated with increase in this pattern of resistance, especially in the Americas, which is why adequate empirical antimicrobial therapy is essential to improve outcomes Objective: to determine the risk factors associated with the development of infection by VRE in septic patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of San José Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: Case-control study in septic patients admitted to the ICU during 2016 and 2017. The cases were defined as patients with VRE infection and the controls were patients with infection by another germ. Results: 32 patients with EVR isolation and 96 controls were included. The risk factors associated with infection by EVR were: parenteral nutrition (OR 15.7 IC 4.2-71.4), peritoneal lavage (OR 8.9 IC 3.2-24.8), polymicrobial culture (OR 19,9 IC 6.0-83.4). Mortality was 56.2% in cases and 33.3% in controls. Conclusions: The risk factors found most frequently were: multiple peritoneal lavage, parenteral nutrition and polymicrobial cultures. We found a significant correlation in the use of adequate empirical antibiotic and the reduction in mortality

Glyphosate on shikimic acid on Urochloa plantaginea / Efeito do glifosato no ácido chiquímico em Urochloa plantaginea

ABSTRACT: Shikimic acid (SA) has witnessed a strong increase in recent years due to the increasing demand of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The SA is used as a precursor for the synthesis of oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu®), a potent viral inhibitor and is extracted from the plant Illicium verum Hook which has a limited availability. This article proposed the use of Urochloa plantaginea (Link.) webster and glyphosate, as an alternative source of SA. U. plantaginea plants with 3 - 4 tillers and 4 - 6 leaves were harvest at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days after application (DAT) of low rates of glyphosate. Samples were dried, extracted, analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. The maximum SA concentrations were observed at 6 days after glyphosate at 36 g.a.e.ha-1 was applied in plants of U. plantaginea with 4 to 6 leaves. The capability of this annual gramineae to produce elevated SA levels throughout the entire biomass affords its potential for a greater yield on a per hectare basis.

RESUMO: O interesse pelo ácido chiquímico (SA) tem apresentado um forte incremento nos últimos anos devido à crescente demanda da indústria farmacêutica e cosmética. O SA é utilizado como um precursor para a síntese do fosfato de oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), um potente inibidor viral. Este ácido é extraído principalmente da planta Illicium verum Hook. A disponibilidade desta planta é um fator limitante para o crescimento do mercado no futuro próximo. Este artigo propõe Urochloa plantaginea (Link.) webster tratada com sub doses de glifosato, como uma fonte alternativa de SA. Plantas de U. plantaginea com 3 - 4 perfilhos e 4 a 6 folhas foram tratadas com subdoses de glifosato e coletadas aos 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 dias após sua aplicação (DAT). As amostras foram secas, extraídas e analisadas por HPLC e confirmadas por LC-MS/MS. As concentrações máximas de SA foram observadas aos seis dias após aplicação do glifosato a 36 g.e.a.ha-1 em plantas de U. plantaginea com 4 - 6 folhas. A capacidade anual dessa gramínea para produzir níveis elevados de SA em toda a biomassa, pode ser uma fonte economicamente viável de SA.

Relación entre los conocimientos sobre los efectos de la exposición solar y los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas de fotoprotección del personal policial de las comisarías de la provincia de Ica, 2016 / Effects of the solar exposure and the knowledge, attitudes and photoprotection practices of the police staff of the Ica province commissions, 2016

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los conocimientos sobre los efectos de la exposición solar y los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas de fotoprotección del personal policial de las comisarías de la Provincia de Ica, 2016. Material y Metodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo en 172 policías de las comisarías de la provincia de Ica. Resultados: Los entrevistados fueron principalmente de sexo masculino (130; 75,58%); 73 (42,44%) de piel blanca o muy blanca; 80 (46,51%) ligeramente blanca y 19 (11,05%) morena o negra; 167 (97,09%) con el grado de sub-oficial; 156 (90,70%) con actividad laboral principal al aire libre; con un promedio de edad de 22,31 años (IC95%:21,36­23,37 años); la antigüedad laboral promedio es 36 meses (IC95%:24,76­47,57 meses). Las lesiones más conocidas fueron el cáncer de piel (88,95%), daño ocular (56,40%), el foto envejecimiento (48,26%) y las alteraciones del sistema inmunológico (34,88%). Las medidas preventivas de fotoprotección más conocidas fueron: evitar la exposición solar en horas centrales (87,21%), ponerse a la sombra (86,05%) y usar cremas protectoras con filtro solar (83,72%). Las prácticas de fotoprotección más frecuentes durante las horas de trabajo son: ponerse a la sombra (73,84%), uso de ropa de color claro (69,77%), evitar la exposición solar en las horas centrales (68,60%).Conclusiones: El cáncer de piel es el daño asociado a la exposición a los rayos solares más conocido. La gran mayoría de los entrevistados reconoce que evitar la exposición y ponerse a la sombra son las mejores formas de fotoprotección. (AU)

Objetive: To determine the relationship between the knowledge about the effects of sun exposure and the attitudes and practices of photoprotection of the police personnel of the police stations from the Province of Ica, 2016. Material And Methods: Observational, descriptive and prospective study in 172 policemen of the police stations from the province of Ica. Results: The interviewees were mainly males (130; 75.58%); 73 (42.44%) of white or very white skin; 80 (46.51%) slightly white and 19 (11.05%) brown or black; 167 (97.09%) with the degree of sub-official; 156 (90.70%) with main activity in the open air; with an average age of 22.31 years (95% CI: 21.36-23.37 years); the average working age is 36 months (95% CI: 24.76-47.57 months). The most known lesions were skin cancer (88.95%), ocular damage (56.40%), photoaging (48.26%) and alterations of the immune system (34.88%). The most known photoprotection measures were: avoiding sun exposure in the central hours (87.21%), shading (86.05%) and to use protective sunscreen (83.72%). The most frequent photoprotection practices during working hours are: shading (73.84%), use of light colored clothing (69.77%), avoiding sun exposure in the central hours (68.60%).Conclusions: Skin cancer is the damage associated with exposure to the sun's best known. The great majority of interviewees recognize that avoiding exposure and shading are the best forms of photoprotection. (AU)

Thromboelastographyguided transfusion therapy in a pregnant patient with hemorrhagic dengue fever hospitalized in icu. case report / Tromboelastografía para dirigir la terapia transfusional en dengue hemorrágico en una paciente embarazada hospitalizada en uci: reporte de caso

ABSTRACT Dengue fever is the biggest public health issue in tropical countries. A significant percentage of patients who suffer from this disease require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to the severity of the clinical picture. This case reports the clinical evolution of an eight-week pregnant woman with dengue fever associated with thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. The patient comes from an endemic area for tropical diseases, fact that led to diagnose dengue fever with hemorrhagic characteristics. During her stay in the ICU, the patient presented with first trimester bleeding and placental hematoma. Therefore, and considering the pregnancy and the risk of loss, the hematological function was monitored through thromboelastography. The transfusion of blood products was decided according to the specific findings. Controlling and reversing the obstetric bleeding process was possible, the patient condition evolved favorably, and she was subsequently discharged from the ICU. This article reports on the usefulness of dynamic monitoring the hematological function using thromboelastography in patients with hemorrhagic dengue fever and special conditions such as pregnancy.

RESUMEN El dengue es una enfermedad considerada como el mayor problema de salud pública en países tropicales. Un importante porcentaje de pacientes que lo padecen requieren ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) debido a la severidad del cuadro clínico. El presente caso reporta la evolución clínica de una gestante de ocho semanas con cuadro febril asociado a trombocitopenia y leucopenia. La paciente procede de un área endémica para enfermedades tropicales, lo que lleva a realizar un diagnóstico de dengue con características hemorrágicas. En la UCI, la paciente presenta hemorragia del primer trimestre y hematoma placentario, por lo que, ante el estado de embarazo y el riesgo de pérdida del mismo, se decide monitorizar la función hematológica con tromboelastrografía y transfundir hemoderivados según los hallazgos específicos. Se logra controlar y revertir el proceso de sangrado obstétrico con evolución favorable de la paciente y egreso de UCI. En el presente artículo se reporta la utilidad de la monitorización dinámica de la función hematológica con tromboelastografia en pacientes con dengue hemorrágico y condiciones especiales, tales como el embarazo.

Validación transcultural y lingüística de la escala de sedación y agitación Richmond al español / Transcultural and linguistic adaptation of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale to Spanish

Introduction: Goal oriented sedation is standard in the management of critically ill patients, but its systematic evaluation is not frequent. The Richmond agitation sedation scale's efficient operative features make it a validated instrument for sedation assessment. Objectives: To translate and validate the Richmond agitation sedation scale into Spanish. Method: A cultural and linguistic adaptation study was designed. Translation into Spanish included back-translation and pilot testing. The inter-rater reliability testing was conducted in Clínica Colombia's cardiovascular and general intensive care unit, including 100 patients mechanically ventilated and sedated. Inter-rater reliability was tested using Kappa statistics and Intra-class correlation coefficient. This study was approved by Fundación Universitaria Sanitas Research and Ethics Institute and Clínica Sanitas Research Committee. Results: 300 assessments using the Spanish version of the Richmond agitation sedation scale were performed by three independent evaluators. The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.977 (CI 95% 0.968-0.984). The kappa was 0.84 between the first and second evaluators 0.85 between the first and third evaluators and 0.86 between the second and third evaluators. Conclusion: The product of this study, the Spanish version of the Richmond agitation sedation scale, is conceptually equivalent to the original scale, being reproducible and understandable to physicians whose native language is Spanish.

Introducción: La sedación por metas es un estándar en el manejo del paciente crítico pero su evaluación sistemática no es frecuente, la escala de sedación y agitación Richmond es un instrumento con características operativas eficientes para evaluar sedación. Objetivo: Traducir y validar la escala de sedación y agitación Richmond al idioma español. Método: Se diseñó un estudio de adaptación transcultural y lingüística y validación de instrumento. La traducción al idioma español incluyó una traducción reversa y una prueba piloto. Las evaluaciones para la validación se realizaron con 100 pacientes bajo sedación, ventilados mecánicamente en dos unidades de cuidados intensivos, una polivalente y otra cardiovascular de la Clínica Universitaria Colombia. La fiabilidad entre los observadores fue probada utilizando el estadístico kappa y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase. El estudio contó con la aprobación del instituto de investigaciones y comité de ética de la Fundación Universitaria Sanitas y comité de investigaciones de Clínica Sanitas. Resultados: Se realizaron evaluaciones secuenciales e independientes por tres entrevistadores, completando 300 valoraciones con la traducción de la escala en español. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue de 0,977 (IC 95% 0,968 - 0,984). La concordancia cualitativa entre los evaluadores también fue alta con un kappa de 0,84 entre el primer y segundo evaluador, 0,85 entre el primer y tercer evaluador y 0,86 entre el segundo y tercero. Conclusión: La versión en español de la escala de sedación y agitación Richmond producto de este estudio, resulta conceptualmente equivalente a la original, es reproducible y comprensible para médicos de habla hispana.

Hipotermia terapéutica posreanimación cardiopulmonar en el posparto inmediato de una paciente atendida en el Hospital de San José, en Bogotá (Colombia) en 2013: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation therapeutic hypothermia during the immediate post-partum period in a patient seen at San Jose Hospital in Bogota in 2013: Case Report and review of the literature

Objetivo: reportar el caso de una paciente que presentó paro cardiaco en su posparto inmediato, la cual fue manejada con hipotermia terapéutica posreanimación con resultados neurológicos favorables, y realizar una revisión de la literatura publicada acerca de hipotermia posreanimación en el embarazo.Materiales y métodos: se presenta el caso de una paciente con embarazo de 37 semanas, quien es remitida por preeclampsia severa a una institución privada de cuarto nivel de complejidad ubicada en Bogotá (Colombia). La paciente es llevada a cesárea, y en el alumbramiento desarrolla eclampsia, con deterioro respiratorio, hipoxemia y bradicardia que progresa a ritmo de paro en asistolia, con recuperación del ritmo sinusal luego de 15 minutos de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP), pero con criterios para un estado de coma residual. Se establece entonces un protocolo de neuroprotección con hipotermia sostenida a 33 grados durante 24 horas y posterior recalentamiento gradual. El desenlace final fue favorable, con recuperación del estado de conciencia y mínimas secuelas motoras.Para la revisión del tema se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos de la literatura especializadas en medicina (Medline vía PubMed, Embase) con los términos MESH: "hipotermia terapéutica", "embarazo", "paro cardiaco", sin restricción de idioma o de tiempo.Resultados: en PubMed se encontraron cuatro estudios con los criterios de búsqueda, y en Embase siete se referían al tema, los cuales incluían los cuatro reportes de casos ya encontrados en PubMed, dos reportes de casos adicionales y una revisión de paro cardiaco materno que discute en sus apartes el tema de hipotermia terapéutica en esta población. En la revisión de referencias bibliográficas se identificó una guía de práctica clínica y un artículo de revisión. Conclusiones: en la literatura publicada se describe la hipotermia terapéutica como una terapia benéfica para la paciente gestante, que podría ser considerada como parte de los cuidados posparo cardiaco como medida de protección neurológica. Se requieren estudios que incorporen mayor número de pacientes, y estudios controlados que evalúen la efectividad y seguridad de la técnica para la madre y el feto.

Objective: To report the case of a patient who went into cardiac arrest in the immediate post-partum period and was managed with post-resuscitation therapeutic hy pothermia with a favourable neurologic outcome; and to conduct a review of the published literature on post-resuscitation hypothermia in pregnancy.Materials and methods: We present the case of a patient in her 37th week of gestation, referred because of severe pre-eclampsia to a private, level IV institution in Bogotá, Colombia. The patient underwent cesarean section and during childbirth she developed eclampsia with respiratory distress, hypoxemia and bradycardia that progressed to cardiac arrest in asystole. Sinus rhythm returned after 15 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) but the patient was in a status consistent with residual coma. A neuroprotection protocol was initiated with hypothermia, maintained at 33 degrees over a 24- hour period, and then followed by gradual warming. The final outcome was favourable, with recovery of consciousness and negligible motor sequelae.For the review of the literature, a search was conducted in Medline via the PubMed and Embase databases using MESH terms for the key words therapeutic hypothermia, pregnancy, cardiac arrest, with no restriction of language or time.Results: Overall, 4 studies that met the search criteria were found in PubMed. In Embase, 7 referred to the topic, including the 4 case reports already found in PubMed plus two additional case reports and a review of maternal cardiac arrest that discusses therapeutic hypothermia in this population. The review of the bibliographic references resulted in the identification of a clinical practice guideline and one additional review article. Conclusions: Therapeutic hy pothermia is described in the published literature as a beneficial therapy that could be considered part of post- cardiac arrest care as a measure of neurological protection in the pregnant patient. Studies with larger numbers of patients and controlled trials to assess the effectiveness and safety of the technique for the mother and the foetus are needed.

Estimation of herbicide bioconcentration in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) / Modelagem de bioconcentração de herbicidas em cana (Saccharum officinarum L.)

Sugarcane is an important crop for sugar and biofuel production in Brazil. Growers depend greatly on herbicides to produce it. This experiment used herbicide physical-chemical and sugarcane plant physiological properties to simulate herbicide uptake and estimate the bioconcentration factor (BCF). The (BCF) was calculated for the steady state chemical equilibrium between the plant herbicide concentration and soil solution. Plant-water partition coefficient (sugarcane bagasse-water partition coefficient), herbicide dilution rate, metabolism and dissipation in the soil-plant system, as well as total plant biomass factors were used. In addition, we added Tebuthiuron at rate of 5.0kg a.i. ha-1 to physically test the model. In conclusion, the model showed the following ranking of herbicide uptake: sulfentrazone > picloram >tebuthiuron > hexazinone > metribuzin > simazine > ametryn > diuron > clomazone > acetochlor. Furthermore, the highest BCF herbicides showed higher Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS) index indicating high leaching potential. We did not find tebuthiuron in plants after three months of herbicide application.

A cana de açúcar é uma cultura importante para produção de açúcar e biocombustíveis no Brasil e exige elevada utilização de herbicidas. Utilizamos modelo matemático para ajudar na compreensão da absorção de herbicida dessa cultura. Propriedades físico-químicas dos herbicidas e propriedades fisiológicas das plantas de cana foram usados para estimar a absorção e também o fator de bioconcentração, bioconcentration factor (BCF), calculado para o equilíbrio químico entre a concentração do herbicida na planta e na solução do solo. O coeficiente de partição planta/água, a taxa de diluição de herbicida, o metabolismo e a dissipação no sistema solo-planta e biomassa total das plantas foram adicionados ao modelo. O herbicida tebuthiuron aplicado ao solo na dose de 5,0kg ha-1 i.a. foi utilizado para testar o modelo. A absorção dos herbicidas mostrada pelo modelo indicou em ordem o seguinte: sulfentrazone> picloram> tebuthiuron> hexazinone> metribuzin> simazina> ametryn> diuron> clomazone> acetochlor. Esses herbicidas com alto índice (BCF) também apresentaram alto índice de potencial de lixiviação para água subterrânea "Groundwater Ubiquity Score" (GUS). Tebuthiuron não foi encontrado nas plantas após três meses de aplicação.

Avaliação da toxicidade de herbicidas usados emcana-de-açúcar para o Paulistinha (Danio rerio) / Toxicity evaluation of herbicides used in sugarcane crops toZebrafish (Danio rerio)

Na natureza, os organismos são constantemente expostos a mais de um agente tóxico e, apesar do fenômeno de interaçõesquímicas ser conhecido há tempos, são poucos os estudos realizados que privilegiam a observação dos efeitosdecorrentes da exposição a duas ou mais substâncias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito combinado damistura dos herbicidas Gesapax 500® (ametrina 500 g/L) e Velpar K® (diuron 468 g/kg + hexazinone 132 g/kg) sobreo paulistinha (Danio rerio). O ensaio foi baseado no teste FET da OECD, com duração de 96 horas. As concentraçõestestadas foram 0, 21,22, 29,52, 41,08, 57,17 e 79,56 mg/L de Gesapax 500 vs. 0, 15,21, 21,17, 29,46, 40,99 e 57,04mg/L de Velpar K. Os testes foram conduzidos em triplicata e avaliados diariamente. As CL50-96h determinadas foram41,705 ± 8,373 mg/L para o Gesapax 500 e 55,460 ± 20,826 mg/L para o Velpar K. O modelo da mistura que melhordescreve a relação entre os dois componentes é a ação independente, sendo a toxicidade dose-dependente, ou seja,em baixas doses ocorre antagonismo e, em altas doses, sinergismo. Os endpoints edemas, atraso no desenvolvimentoembrionário (delay) e na absorção do saco vitelínico e diminuição na frequência de cardíaca foram observados apartir das concentrações mais baixas da mistura. Pelos dados obtidos, concluiu-se que a mistura de Gesapax 500 eVelpar K é medianamente tóxica para o paulistinha e que os endpoints avaliados foram úteis na determinação de suatoxicidade.

In nature, organisms are constantly exposed to more than one toxic agent, and although the phenomenon of chemical interactionsare known for some time, there are few previous studies that emphasize observation of the effects resulting fromexposure to two or more substances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of the mixture of herbicideGesapax 500® (ametrina 500 g/L) and Velpar K® (diuron 468 g/kg + hexazinone 132 g/kg) on zebrafish (Danio rerio). The testwas based on the Fish Embryo Toxicity (FET) from OECD, lasting 96 hours. The concentrations tested were: 0, 21.22, 29.52,41.08, 57.17 and 79.56 mg/L Gesapax 500 vs. 0, 15.21, 21.17, 29.46, 40.99 and 57.04 mg/L Velpar K. Tests were conductedin triplicate and evaluated daily. LC50-96h was determined to 41.705 ± 8.373 mg/L to Gesapax 500 and 55.460 ± 20.826 mg/Lto Velpar K. The mixture model that best describes the relationship between the two components is independent action andtoxicity of the mixture is dose-dependent, occurring antagonism at low doses and synergism at high doses. The endpointsedema, delay in general development and in yolk sac absorption and decrease in frequency of heart-beat rate were observedfrom the lower concentrations of the mixture. From the data obtained, it is concluded that the mixture of Velpar K and Gesapax500 is moderately toxic to zebrafish and that the endpoints evaluated were useful in determining its toxicity.

Correlation between annual activity patterns of venomous snakes and rural people in the Niger Delta, southern Nigeria

Background: Venomous snakes are among the most serious health hazards for rural people in tropical regions of the world. Herein we compare the monthly activity patterns of eight venomous snake species (Elapidae and Viperidae) with those of rural people in the Niger Delta area of southern Nigeria, in order to identify the periods of highest potential risk for persons, and the human group actually at greater risk of snakebite. Results: We documented that above-ground activity of all venomous snakes peaked in the wet season, and that high snake activity and high human activity were most highly correlated between April and August. In addition, we documented that women and teenagers were at relatively higher risk of encountering a venomous snake than adult males, despite they are less often in the field than men. Conclusions: Our results suggest that future programs devoted to mitigate the social and health effects of snakebites in the Niger Delta region should involve especially women and teenagers, with ad-hoc education projects if appropriate. We urge that international organizations working on social and health problems in the developing world, such as IRD, DFID, UNDP, should provide advice through specific programs targeted at especially these categories which have been highlighted in comparatively potential higher threat from snakebites than adult men.(AU)

Viabilidade da antecipação do tratamento de sementes de arroz com inseticidas em relação à data de semeadura no controle de Oryzophagus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) / Viability of the advance rice seed treatment with insecticides in relation to sowing date in the control of Oryzophagus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima, 1936) é uma das pragas mais prejudiciais da cultura do arroz irrigado, sendo seu controle efetuado tradicionalmente com inseticidas granulados aplicados na água de irrigação. No entanto, o uso de inseticidas aplicados às sementes tem sido considerado promissor. Embora existam máquinas adequadas para aplicação de inseticidas às sementes, há dificuldade de assegurar a qualidade das sementes tratadas, em poucos dias ou mesmo horas antes da semeadura. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade do tratamento de sementes de arroz com inseticidas aplicados com antecedência à data de semeadura para o controle de O. oryzae. Dois experimentos foram instalados na Estação Experimental de Terras Baixas da Embrapa Clima Temperado, localizada no município de Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), em duas épocas (1997/1998 e 2004/2005). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os inseticidas carbosulfano e fipronil aplicados manualmente às sementes de arroz em diferentes épocas que antecederam a semeadura e foram avaliadas as variáveis poder germinativo e vigor das sementes, plantas emergidas, população larval e produtividade de grãos. O tratamento das sementes de arroz com inseticidas, antecipadamente à data de semeadura, visando ao controle de O. oryzae, demonstrou ser viável. Os inseticidas carbosulfano e fipronil são adequados ao tratamento antecipado das sementes, se aplicados até 75 dias antes da semeadura.

Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima, 1936) is one of the most important pests of irrigated rice, whose control is made traditionally with granulated insecticides on the irrigation water. However, the use of insecticides on the seeds has been considered a promising method. Although there are adequate implements to apply insecticides on the seeds, it’s hard to make this treatment with quality and in a big quantity, few days or hours before sowing. In this context, the viability of treat the rice seeds in an advance of sowing date has been evaluated. Two experiments were performed at Embrapa Clima Temperado, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil in 1997/98 and 2004/05. The experimental design was in blocks at random with four repetitions, being evaluated the insecticides carbosulfan and fipronil applied manually to the seeds of rice in different times that preceded the sowing. Germination power and vigour, emerged plants, larval population and grains productivity were considered. The rice seeds treatment with insecticides in advance of sowing date trying to achieve the control of O. oryzae, demonstrate viability. The insecticides carbosulfan and fipronil are adequate to advance seeds treatment, if applied until 75 days before sowing.

Anillo vascular: doble arco aórtico; presentación de un caso / Vascular ring: double aortic arc; report of a case

Se reporta un caso de un lactante menor de 2 años y medio de vida quien padece de dificultad respiratoria desde su nacimiento. Luego de su examen físico, estudios de gabinete y cateterismo cardíaco se confirma el diagnóstico de Anillo Vascular causado por Doble Arco Aórtico. Este es el primer caso presentado por la Sección de Cardiología Pediátrica del Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano, C.S.S. Se realiza una revisión histórica, se discuten aspectos embriológicos, anatómicos, clínicos y quirúrgicos y se resalta la importancia de los estudios hemodinámicos para el diagnóstico de este tipo de anomalías